Entre política, mídia e saúde:
a mediação da politização da pandemia de COVID-19 pelo Jornal Nacional e o Jornal da Record
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18568/cmc.v22i64.2949Palavras-chave:
Covid-19, politização, telejornais, MediaçãoResumo
Desde o início, a pandemia de COVID-19 se configurou como um problema de saúde pública e político, que impactou atitudes e comportamentos da população. No Brasil, a sua politização pelo ex-presidente Bolsonaro exacerbou essa dinâmica, influenciando tanto o consumo de informações quanto as ações individuais em relação à doença. O estudo analisa a mediação da exposição midiática, destacando o papel dos principais telejornais do país, Jornal Nacional e Jornal da Record, na formação de percepções e comportamentos em relação à COVID-19. Os resultados indicam que parte da influência política na pandemia foi mediada pela exposição aos telejornais, sublinhando a necessidade de uma compreensão abrangente das interações entre saúde, política e mídia.
Downloads
Referências
ABRUCIO, F. L.; GRIN, E. J.; FRANZESE, C.; SEGATTO, C. I.; COUTO, C. G. Combate à COVID-19 sob o federalismo bolsonarista: um caso de descoordenação intergovernamental. Revista de Administração Pública, v. 54, n. 4, p. 663-677, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-761220200354
AJZENMAN, N.; CAVALCANTI, T.; DA MATA, D. More than words: leaders’ speech and risky behavior during a pandemic. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, v. 15, n. 3, p. 351-371, ago. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20210284
ALLCOTT, H.; BOXELL, L.; CONWAY, J.; GENTZKOW, M.; THALER, M.; YANG, D. Polarization and public health: partisan differences in social distancing during the Coronavirus pandemic. Journal of Public Economics, v. 191, p. 104254, nov. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104254
ARAÚJO, B.; GUAZINA, L. Jair Bolsonaro’s populist communication on Brazilian television: an analysis of television newscasts on Globo and Record during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Communication, v. 18, p. 1830-1850, 2024.
BAEKGAARD, M.; CHRISTENSEN, J.; MADSEN, J. K.; MIKKELSEN, K. S. Rallying around the flag in times of COVID-19: societal lockdown and trust in democratic institutions. Journal of Behavioral Public Administration, v. 3, n. 2, p. 1-12, 2020. https://doi.org/10.30636/jbpa.32.172
BARBERIA, L. G.; GÓMEZ, E. J. Political and institutional perils of Brazil’s COVID-19 crisis. The Lancet, v. 396, n. 10248, p. 367-368, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31681-0
BARBIERI, P. N.; BONINI, B. Political orientation and adherence to social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. Economia Politica, v. 38, n. 2, p. 483-504, jul. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40888-021-00224-w
BARON, R. M.; KENNY, D. A. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, v. 51, n. 6, p. 1173-1182, 1986. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
BLEAKLEY, A.; HENNESSY, M.; FISHBEIN, M.; JORDAN, A. It works both ways: the relationship between exposure to sexual content in the media and adolescent sexual behavior. Media Psychology, v. 11, n. 4, p. 443-461, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213260802491986
BOL, D.; GIANI, M.; BLAIS, A.; LOEWEN, P. J. The effect of COVID-19 lockdowns on political support: some good news for democracy? European Journal of Political Research, v. 60, n. 2, p. 497-505, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12401
BROSOWSKY, N. P.; VAN TILBURG, W.; SCHOLER, A. A.; BOYLAN, J.; SELI, P.; DANCKERT, J. Boredom proneness, political orientation and adherence to social distancing in the pandemic. Motivation and Emotion, v. 45, n. 5, p. 631-640, out. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-021-09888-0
BURNI, A.; STOCKEMER, D.; HACKENESCH, C. Contagious politics and COVID-19: does the infectious disease hit populist supporters harder? Contemporary Politics, v. 29, n. 4, p. 466-491, ago. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2023.2175488
CAPONI, S.; BRZOZOWSKI, F. S.; HELLMANN, F.; BITTENCOURT, S. C. O uso político da cloroquina: COVID-19, negacionismo e neoliberalismo. Revista Brasileira de Sociologia, v. 9, n. 21, p. 78-102, jan. 2021. https://doi.org/10.20336/rbs.774
CENTRO DE PESQUISA EM COMUNICAÇÃO POLÍTICA E SAÚDE PÚBLICA (CPS). Pesquisa Informação e Pandemia de COVID-19. Brasília: Universidade de Brasília; Instituto Brasileiro de Pesquisa e Análise de Dados, 2020.
CLINTON, J.; COHEN, J.; LAPINSKI, J.; TRUSSLER, M. Partisan pandemic: how partisanship and public health concerns affect individuals’ social mobility during COVID-19. Science Advances, v. 7, n. 2, eabd7204, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd7204
COHEN, J. E. Presidential leadership of public opinion: an embedded survey experiment. Political Communication, v. 32, n. 3, p. 345-355, jul. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2014.944321
DANIELS, J. P. Health experts slam Bolsonaro’s vaccine comments. The Lancet, v. 397, n. 10272, p. 361, jan. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00181-1
FALCONE, R.; ANSANI, A.; COLÌ, E.; MARINI, M.; SAPIENZA, A.; CASTELFRANCHI, C.; PAGLIERI, F. Trusting COVID-19 vaccines as individual and social goal. Scientific Reports, v. 12, n. 1, p. 9470, jun. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-13675-3
FELDMAN, L.; MYERS, T. A.; HMIELOWSKI, J. D.; LEISEROWITZ, A. The mutual reinforcement of media selectivity and effects: testing the reinforcing spirals framework in the context of global warming. Journal of Communication, v. 64, n. 4, p. 590-611, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12108
FERNANDES, S. C. S.; PEREIRA, M. E. Endogrupo versus exogrupo: o papel da identidade social nas relações intergrupais. Estudos e Pesquisas em Psicologia, v. 18, n. 1, p. 30-49, 2018.
FOWLER, E. F.; GOLLUST, S. E. The content and effect of politicized health controversies. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, v. 658, n. 1, p. 155-171, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716214555505
FREEMAN, D.; WAITE, F.; ROSEBROCK, L.; PETIT, A.; CAUSIER, C.; EAST, A.; JENNER, L.; TEALE, A. L.; CARR, L.; MULHALL, S.; BOLD, E.; LAMBE, S. Coronavirus conspiracy beliefs, mistrust, and compliance with government guidelines in England. Psychological Medicine, v. 52, n. 2, p. 251-263, jan. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720001890
GADARIAN, S. K.; GOODMAN, S. W.; PEPINSKY, T. B. Partisanship, health behavior, and policy attitudes in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One, v. 16, n. 4, e0249596, abr. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249596
GOLLUST, S. E.; NAGLER, R. H.; FOWLER, E. F. The emergence of COVID-19 in the US: a public health and political communication crisis. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, v. 45, n. 6, p. 967-981, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1215/03616878-8641506
GOLLWITZER, A.; MARTEL, C.; BRADY, W. J.; PÄRNAMETS, P.; FREEDMAN, I. G.; KNOWLES, E. D.; VAN BAVEL, J. J. Partisan differences in physical distancing are linked to health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nature Human Behaviour, v. 4, n. 11, p. 1186-1197, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-00977-7
GRAMACHO, W.; TURGEON, M. When politics collides with public health: COVID-19 vaccine country of origin and vaccination acceptance in Brazil. Vaccine, v. 39, n. 19, p. 2608-2612, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.03.080
GRAMACHO, W.; TURGEON, M.; KENNEDY, J.; STABILE, M.; MUNDIM, P. S. Political preferences, knowledge, and misinformation about COVID-19: the case of Brazil. Frontiers in Political Science, v. 3, 646430, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2021.646430
GRAMACHO, W.; TURGEON, M.; MUNDIM, P. S.; PEREIRA, I. Why did Brazil fail to vaccinate children against COVID-19 during the pandemic? An assessment of attitudinal and behavioral determinants. Vaccine, v. 42, n. 2, p. 315-321, jan. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.11.064
HART, P. S.; CHINN, S.; SOROKA, S. Politicization and polarization in COVID-19 news coverage. Science Communication, v. 42, n. 5, p. 679-697, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547020950735
HART, W. B.; ALBARRACÍN, D.; EAGLY, A. H.; BRECHAN, I.; LINDBERG, M. J.; MERRILL, L. Feeling validated versus being correct: a meta-analysis of selective exposure to information. Psychological Bulletin, v. 135, n. 4, p. 555-588, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015701
HART, W. B.; RICHARDSON, K.; TORTORIELLO, G. K.; EARL, A. “You are what you read:” Is selective exposure a way people tell us who they are? British Journal of Psychology, v. 111, n. 3, p. 417-442, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12414
HOEWE, J.; PEACOCK, C.; KIM, B.; BARNIDGE, M. The relationship between Fox News use and Americans’ policy preferences regarding refugees and immigrants. International Journal of Communication, v. 14, p. 2036-2056, 2020.
HOWARD, M. C. Are face masks a partisan issue during the COVID-19 pandemic? Differentiating political ideology and political party affiliation. International Journal of Psychology, v. 57, n. 1, p. 3-16, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12809
HUDDY, L. From social to political identity: a critical examination of social identity theory. Political Psychology, v. 22, n. 1, p. 127-156, mar. 2001. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00230
HUDDY, L. From group identity to political cohesion and commitment. In: HUDDY, L.; SEARS, D. O.; LEVY, J. S. (Org.). Oxford handbook of political psychology. Nova York: Oxford University Press, 2013. p. 737-773.
HUTCHENS, M. J.; HMIELOWSKI, J. D.; BEAM, M. A. Reinforcing spirals of political discussion and affective polarization. Communication Monographs, v. 86, n. 3, p. 357-376, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2019.1575255
IACOBUCCI, D.; SALDANHA, N.; DENG, X. A meditation on mediation: evidence that structural equations models perform better than regressions. Journal of Consumer Psychology, v. 17, n. 2, p. 139-153, abr. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1057-7408(07)70020-7
IMAI, K.; KEELE, L.; TINGLEY, D. A general approach to causal mediation analysis. Psychological Methods, v. 15, n. 4, p. 309-334, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020761
IYENGAR, S.; HAHN, K. S. Red media, blue media: evidence of ideology selectivity in media use. Journal of Communication, v. 59, n. 1, p. 19-39, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.01402.x
JAMIESON, K. H.; ALBARRACÍN, D. The relation between media consumption and misinformation at the outset of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in the US. The Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, v. 1, n. 3, p. 1-22, 2020. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-012
KIVINIEMI, M. T.; OROM, H.; HAY, J. L.; WATERS, E. A. Prevention is political: political party affiliation predicts perceived risk and prevention behaviors for COVID-19. BMC Public Health, v. 22, n. 1, p. 298, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12649-4
LARSON, H. J.; CLARKE, R. M.; JARRETT, C.; ECKERSBERGER, E.; LEVINE, Z.; SCHULZ, W. S.; PATERSON, P. Measuring trust in vaccination: a systematic review. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, v. 14, n. 7, p. 1599-1609, jul. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2018.1459252
LASCO, G. Medical populism and the COVID-19 pandemic. Global Public Health, v. 15, n. 10, p. 1417-1429, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2020.1807581
LASCO, G.; CURATO, N. Medical populism. Social Science & Medicine, v. 221, p. 1-8, jan. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.12.006
LEVENDUSKY, M. How partisan media polarize America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.
LEVIN, J. M.; BUKOWSKI, L. A.; MINSON, J. A.; KAHN, J. M. The political polarization of COVID-19 treatments among physicians and laypeople in the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 120, n. 7, e2216179120, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2216179120
MEHMETOGLU, M. Medsem: a Stata package for statistical mediation. Journal of Computational Economics and Econometrics, v. 18, n. 1, p. 63-78, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJCEE.2018.10007883
MOTTA, M.; STECUŁA, D. A.; FARHART, C. How right-leaning media coverage of COVID-19 facilitated the spread of misinformation in the early stages of the pandemic in the U.S. Canadian Journal of Political Science, v. 53, n. 2, p. 335-342, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423920000396
NEWMAN, D. B.; SCHNEIDER, S.; STONE, A. A. Contrasting effects of finding meaning and searching for meaning, and political orientation and religiosity, on feelings and behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, v. 48, n. 6, p. 923-936, jun. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672211030383
NICOLAU, J. O Brasil dobrou à direita: uma radiografia da eleição de Bolsonaro em 2018. São Paulo: Zahar, 2020.
PEREIRA, F. B.; NUNES, F. Media choice and the polarization of public opinion about Covid-19 in Brazil. Revista Latinoamericana de Opinión Pública, v. 10, n. 2, p. 1-19, 2020. https://doi.org/10.14201/rlop.23681
PORTO, M.; NEVES, D.; LIMA, B. Crise hegemônica, ascensão da extrema direita e paralelismo político Globo e Record nas eleições presidenciais de 2018. Compolítica, v. 10, n. 1, p. 5-34, 2020. https://doi.org/10.21878/compolitica.2020.10.1.367
RENNÓ, L.; AVRITZER, L.; DELGADO, P. Entrenching right-wing populism under COVID-19: denialism, social mobility, and government evaluation in Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Ciência Política, n. 36, p. 1-29, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-3352.2021.36.247120
ROMER, D.; JAMIESON, K. H. Conspiratorial thinking, selective exposure to conservative media, and response to COVID-19 in the US. Social Science & Medicine, v. 291, p. 114480, dez. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114480
ROOIJ, E. A. de; STECUŁA, D. A.; PICKUP, M. A. Populist media diets. Social Science Quarterly, v. 103, n. 4, p. 975-991, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.13178
ROOZENBEEK, J.; SCHNEIDER, C. R.; DRYHURST, S.; KERR, J.; FREEMAN, A. L. J.; RECCHIA, G.; VAN DER BLES, A. M.; VAN DER LINDEN, S. Susceptibility to misinformation about COVID-19 around the world. Royal Society Open Science, v. 7, n. 10, p. 201199, out. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201199
ROSSINI, P.; KALOGEROPOULOS, A. Don’t talk to strangers? The role of network composition, WhatsApp groups, and partisanship in explaining beliefs in misinformation about COVID-19 in Brazil. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, v. 22, n. 1, p. 113-130, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2023.2234902
SABAHELZAIN, M. M.; HARTIGAN-GO, K.; LARSON, H. J. The politics of Covid-19 vaccine confidence. Current Opinion in Immunology, v. 71, p. 92-96, ago. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2021.06.007
SLATER, M. D. Reinforcing spirals: the mutual influence of media selectivity and media effects and their impact on individual behavior and social identity. Communication Theory, v. 17, n. 3, p. 281-303, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2007.00296.x
SLATER, M. D. Reinforcing spirals model: conceptualizing the relationship between media content exposure and the development and maintenance of attitudes. Media Psychology, v. 18, n. 3, p. 370-395, jul. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2014.897236
SLATER, M. D.; HAYES, A. F. The influence of youth music television viewership on changes in cigarette use and association with smoking peers: a social identity, reinforcing spirals perspective. Communication Research, v. 37, n. 6, p. 751-773, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650210375953
SLATER, M. D.; HENRY, K. L.; SWAIM, R. C.; ANDERSON, L. L. Violent media content and aggressiveness in adolescents: a downward spiral model. Communication Research, v. 30, n. 6, p. 713-736, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650203258281
SLATER, M. D.; SHEHATA, A.; STRÖMBÄCK, J. Reinforcing spirals model. In: BULCK, J. (Org.). The International Encyclopedia of Media Psychology. [s.l.]: Wiley, 2020. p. 1-11.
SONG, H.; BOOMGAARDEN, H. G. Dynamic spirals put to test: an agent-based model of reinforcing spirals between selective exposure, interpersonal networks, and attitude polarization. Journal of Communication, v. 67, n. 2, p. 256-281, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12288
STECULA, D. A.; PICKUP, M. How populism and conservative media fuel conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19 and what it means for COVID-19 behaviors. Research & Politics, v. 8, n. 1, p. 205316802199397, jan. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168021993979
STROUD, N. J. Niche news: the politics of news choice. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
TAJFEL, H.; TURNER, J. An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In: AUSTIN, W. G.; WORCHEL, S. (Org.). The social psychology of intergroup relations. Monterey: Brooks Cole, 1979. p. 33-47.
TUNG, H. H.; CHANG, T.-J.; LIN, M.-J. Political ideology predicts preventative behaviors and infections amid COVID-19 in democracies. Social Science & Medicine, v. 308, p. 115199, set. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115199
YAMEY, G.; GONSALVES, G. Donald Trump: a political determinant of Covid-19. BMJ, v. 369, m1643, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1643
YOUNG, D. G.; BLEAKLEY, A. Ideological health spirals: an integrated political and health communication approach to COVID interventions. International Journal of Communication, v. 14, p. 3508-3524, 2020.
YOUNG, D. G.; RASHEED, H.; BLEAKLEY, A.; LANGBAUM, J. B. The politics of mask-wearing: political preferences, reactance, and conflict aversion during COVID. Social Science & Medicine, v. 298, p. 114836, abr. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114836
ZHAO, X. Media use and global warming perceptions: a snapshot of the reinforcing spirals. Communication Research, v. 36, n. 5, p. 698-723, out. 2009. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650209338911
ZHAO, X.; LYNCH, J. G.; CHEN, Q. Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: myths and truths about mediation analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, v. 37, n. 2, p. 197-206, ago. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1086/651257
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2025 Pedro Mundim, Isabella Amaral

Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Autores que publicam nesta revista mantêm os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0), que permite o compartilhamento e a adaptação do trabalho, com reconhecimento da autoria e da publicação inicial nesta revista.

